A comparative study of the lifeways of selected types of peoples, defined by adaptation, focusing on their ecology, economy, political organization, and social organization. Groups discussed include the gathering-and-hunting Ju/'hoansi of Africa, the horticultural Kaluli of New Guinea, the pastoralist Basseri of Iran, plus selected peasant and migrant groups. Recent changes affecting indigenes, brought about by technological developments and intercultural contact, are discussed.